He aha ngā āhuatanga ingoa o ngā tākaro pūtaiao?

Te Pūtānga me te Kākano: Pūtake Whakariterite o ngā Ingoa

Te Huataki Pūtānga me te Whakapuawaitanga o ngā Matera

Hei tā te huataki pūtānga, he mea nui tōna i ngā kāhua whakamaunga rongoā, nā tērā e āheinga ana ki ngā haurongo mōhiohio o te marama me te pūnaha. Ki runga i ngā kāhua whakamaunga rite tonu, ka waihangatia te huataki pūtānga i waenganui i te 50 ki te 62.5 mikromītā, nō reira ka noho te 9 mikromītā i runga i ngā kāhua kotahi-mōhio. He iti rawa te huataki pūtānga hei whakaaetanga i te iti atu o ngā mōhioranga marama, nā reira ka pai ai ngā kāhua kotahi-mōhio mo ngā whakapae porihitanga roa, ahakoa te nui ake o ngā huataki pūtānga i ngā kāhua rite tonu hei whakamana i ngā tūranga iti, pūnaha raraunga ā-rohe.

Nga ranga matua mo te hanga i nga puare ka whakaaetia he kiriware tahuri, e mohio ana hei mea nui tona rangitanga tuatahi me te itinga o nga ratonga whakamutunga, whakaatu mai he tika mea hei whakamahere i nga taumata mahi. Hei tauira, he iti noa iho te whatitiri o te puare i te 9 mirukomiti i roto i nga raeti tuatahi, kei reira te pai rawa mo nga whakapae hihiko, ahakoa ko nga puare nui ake i te 62.5 mirukomiti i roto i nga raeti kotahi i whakamahia i nga wawata kore rawa, whakaatu ai pea te painga o te ranga me te whatitiri ki te whaiwhai me te pai o te whakamahere.

Te Roanga o te Poutūrangi me te Tauanga Whakatū

Ko te whakarawenga he mea nui mo te whakahaere i te tohu paerau matua ki roto i nga taura pūrere māhina. E whai ana i te kākano kē, e mahi ai te whakarawenga hei whakamahia i te māhina ki roto i te maru, ka whakamana ai te whakahaere taupuhi mō ngā wā e hirari ana. Ko te ingoa tuatahi o te whakarawenga he mea nui; kei a ia te hunga i te mea e huri nei i te ara o te māhina ki roto i te taura. Ka āheinga e ngā huringa i te ingoa tuatahi te paihounga me te mana o te purongo.

Ka āheinga anō hoki te rahi o te whakarawenga i te pai o te taura whānui me te nohoanga i te whakauru. Hei tauira, ko te whakarawenga nui i te rahi e tautoko ana i te tiaki i waenganui i ngā momo mate pūtahi, engari ka nui ake pea te raru i te wā o te whakauru. Ko ngā kōrero ā-tuhi e whakaatu ana ko te wāhanga i waenganui i te rahi o te whakarawenga me te ingoa tuatahi he mea nui ki te whakapai i ngā hiahia whakahaere purongo me te nohoanga i te whakauru i waenganui i ngā tono māhina.

Te Āhuatanga i te Whakarōpū Pūtahi (Single-Mode vs. Multimode)

Kua whakarōpūhia ngā tākaro pūmaero ki ngā single-mode me ngā multimode i roto i ō rātau tohu core me ngā whakaritenga kāwai. Ko ngā tākaro single-mode, e ai ki ō rātau tiwha itiiti o te core, ka whakarōpūhia tonu hei OS1 rānei ko OS2, ka whakamahiia mō ngā taenga roa me ngā tūnga hereaha. Ngā tākaro multimode nāianei, e ai ki ō rātau tiwha rahi rawa atu o te core, ka karangahia hei OM1 ki te OM5, kei reira wawe tonu te whakamahi mō ngā whakapā mai iti, nā te mea e taea ana rātau te tautoko i ngā ratonga raraunga.

Kei ngā tohu ingoa mō ēnei tākaro, e whakaaro nui ana i ngā whakaritenga ahumahi e whakatauhia ana i ngā paetukanga hīkore, e āki ana i ngā hangaanga i ō rātau tohu tuhinga. Me ngā whakaritenga pērā i TIA/EIA rānei ko ISO, ka whakaritea ēnei whakarōpū, ā, ka whakamanahia te tino whakatika i ngā hiahia ā-tauira, ā, ka awhinatia ngā pakihi ki te kohikohi i te tūmomo tākaro e pai rawa ana mō ō rātau huringa hangarau.

Te Pūtahi me te Kākahu: Rārangi Taupānga Whakamahinga

Momo Pūtahi: Tīmata whakarite vs. Kuwhu here

Ko te kawe i waenganui i ngā pūtahi tīmatanga me ngā pūtahi kuwhu he mea nui i ngā tāhura pūtaiao. E whakaaro ana ngā pūtahi tīmatanga ki tō rātou āhuatanga pai ake ki te tiaki i te taiao, koinei te take i aua hei pai mō te whare. Ki runga i tēnei, e pai ana ngā pūtahi kuwhu i ngā tūranga moana mā te pai ake i rātou huarahi mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga ā-whenua e rerekē ana. Nā ēnei whaiwāhi i waenganui i ngā momo pūtahi ka whakarite tonu ki ngā ingoa whakamahinga mō ngā tāhura pūtaiao, e tohutohu ana i ō rātou wāhi whakamahinga pai—mai i ngā taiao whakahaere i rohe whare ki ngā whenua pakari moana. He mea nui ngā whakaaro ā-poroiti e whakaatu ana ko te kawe i te pūtahi pai ka whakapai i te hohourongo whakauru me te whakatīnana i te roa o te tāhura, ko ēnei mea nui hei hanga i te whakahaere tūhono e taea te whakaritorito.

Ngā Matua Kākahu me te Whakamutunga i te Taiao

Te whakatōhua i te pūmotu e tika ana hei kawe i te whakamātau o ngā tāhuhu rorohiko ki ngā āhuatanga taiao. Nā ngā pūmotu, pēnei i te PVC me te LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen), te nui rawa atu te mahi i te tiaki i ngā tāhuhu rorohiko mai i te wai, ngā mātauranga, me ngā whanonga matua. Ka whakaaro anō hoki te pūmotu i te tīmatanga o te tiaki me te whakapae i ngā ingoa me ngā hanganga o ngā tāhuhu rorohiko, inaianei i ngā taiao tohu me ngā horopaki pūkaha. Hei tauira, ko te LSZH te whakanui rawa i ngā wāhi ka whakaae ki te haumanu herehere nui, nā tana whakaputu iti i te ahi me te kotoreitanga. Ko ngā raraunga o te ao nei e whakaatu ana nō reira, ka taea te whakangungu i te huarahi me te whakatūwhera i te roa o ngā tāhuhu rorohiko, nō te mea he āhuatanga kino nui.

Te Unga Ki Te Whakarite Tāhuhu Me Te Ingoa Tirohanga Mō Nga Whakamahi

Nā ngā whaka āhua o te pūtōrino me te kēkerengū o ngā tākaro pūnaha ikaika te whakatau i te wawahi rite o ō rātou whanaungatanga. E āwhinatia ana e ēnei āhuatanga i te wehewehe i ngā ingoa me te tīmata i ngā tākaro mō ngā matihiko īngarangi. Ko ngā tikanga ingoa paetawhiti e whai ake nei e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga whanaungatanga, e awhina ana i te whakatatū i te mea tika mō ō rātou hiahia. Hei tauira, ko te tākaro e kīia nei he "whare/marae-whenua" ka tohu ki te whanonga pai ki ngā take taiao nui. Ko ngā paerewa ā-motu hei whakamārama i ēnei tikanga ingoa, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga whanaungatanga e hiahiatia ana e ngā whakamahi, ā, e whakapakiri ana i te whakapono me te uara i ngā tākaro pūnaha ikaika.

Nga momo Tākaro Pūnaha Ikaika me ō Rātau Tikanga Ingoa

Tahi-Whēu (OS1, OS2) vs. Waehu (OM1-OM5)

Nā ngā tākaro pūtaiao whakarōpū kaitoa, e mōhiotia ana hei OS1 me te OS2, e hanga nei hei whakamana i te whakaputa raraunga moeke. Ki te tākaro kaitoa tuatahitanga, he iti noa āna i roto hei whakangahau i te whakareka o te mārama me te whakaiti i te whakawhitinga, kia whai ake ai te raraunga ki te haere tonu kē ki te mutu. He mea nui tēnei pātengā mo ngā whakahaerenga pērā i ngā rīpoata moana me ngā whakahaerenga tūmomo whakatere roa, nō reira ka kitea i a rātou i te 'OS', arā, Optical Single, hei tohu. I te wā e kē tonu ana, e whakaaetia ana ngā tākaro kotahi mārama (OM1 ki te OM5) hei whakamahia mo ngā tawhainga iti i waenganui i ngā marua raraunga rānei me ngā Tūmomo Raraunga Whenua (LANs). Nā ēnei tākaro e nui ake ana ngā kōwhao hei whakawhiwhi i ngā huarahi mārama rerekē, e mahi pai ana i ngā tawhainga iti, engari ka nui ake te whakawhitinga i runga i ngā tawhainga roa. Ka whakaatu ngā whakarerekē i ēnei ingoa e paunga ana ki ngā hiranga hanga i te whanaketanga i ngā hiahia ā-tawhainga me ngā hiahia ā-pūnaha.

Tākaro Whakawhitinga Whakarite vs. Tākaro Kore Whakarite Whakawhitinga

Nā ngā pūtē whakamahere i ngā raukura whakaputa āhuatanga (DSFs) me ngā raukura kore whakarerekēta (NZDs) hei whakapai i ngā āhuatanga whakarerekēta e hiahia ana mō ngā whakapā moana herehere taumaha. Whakarerekētia e ngā DSFs te wāhi whakarerekē kore, tērā ki te whakaititia i te whakarerekēta kaiwhaka herehere i ngā wā maumahara matua, mea atu he pai noa iho ia hei tirotiro i te whakaiti i te whakarereka o te pūmau i roto i ngā whakahaere tūmatawhiti. Ki runga i tētahi wā, ka whakahaere ngā NZDs i te whakarerekēta i waenganui i te whānui, nui rawa atu i ngā rangitaki whatu whakawhitinga paheko (DWDM) e hiahiatia ana kia haere ngā pūmau e maha nei i runga i tētahi raukura anake. Nā ēnei tuhinga ā-tuarua ka whakaaetia ngā ingoa, whakaatu i te whanonga o ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakarōpū i te whakapae mō te āhua mahi. Ko te rangahau ka whakaatu i ngā paihere e torotoro ana ki te whakapai i te whakahaere herehere taumaha, whakaatu i te nui o te uara o ia motu i roto i ngā horopaki taketake.

Ngā Raukura Kore Whakawhitinga (hei tauira, ITU-T G.657)

Nā ngā pūtake rere kore i te whakawhitinga, pēnei i ngā tūtohu ITU-T G.657, e whai ake nei i te mana ki ngā whakatū moenga ā-tāone nui i te hunga, kei reira he wāhi iti noa, ā, kei te nui ngā whakawhitinga iti. Ka taea e ēnei pūtake rere te tahuri nui ki te kuhu hei whakamahia ki runga i te hokohoko, kaore he rahi rawa atu i te matei pūmanawa, mea hoki he pai ki ngā mahi whakatū. Kāinga (FTTH) me ēnei mahi o ērā. E tohu ana te tūtohu G.657 i te whaihere i ngā ture tuatahi, e tirotiro ana i ngā āhuatanga pai o te mahi. Ki te whai i ēnei kīreki ingoa, ka āhei ngā hanga me ngā kaiwhakamahi i te mōhio haere ki Nga Kaihokohoko nā ko ngā pūtake e painga ana i te roa ā-waha me te iti rawa i ngā utu whakahaere i roto i ngā taiao whakahē. Hei tauira i te ao hanga, kei reira he whakaatu i te mea e hīkoi ai ēnei pūtake i ngā mahi whakatū, me te whakaiti i ngā waehu pūmanawa, e whakaū ana i tō rātau whakapae nui ake i roto i te paerangi pūtake rere.

Ngā Ture Hanganga me ngā Kīreki Ingoa ITU-T

ITU-T G.652 (Tūtohu Pūtake Rere Tino)

Tētahi whakarāpopoto i whakaaetia e te ITU-T G.652 mō ngā paerewa matua moe-tino hou e whai ake nei hei whakamahere i ngā paerewa matua moe-tino hou e whai ake nei i ngā kaupapa whakapā mai. Nā ēnei paerewa i kitea ai te itinga iti me te rangitū whanui, nā reira he pai ki te whakamahi i aua rākau hei tāngata whakatere rohe nui me te piki haere. I whakapuakitia e te whakarāpopoto G.652 i ngā ingoa kaiwhakahaere i roto i te whenua o ngā rākau torotoro e whakatakoto ana i tētahi tohu e aronui ana ki te whakarōpū i ngā momo rākau tuatahi. Ko tēnei whakatakoto e tiakina ana ngā mahi whakapono mō te whenua, kia puta te whakaaro me ngā whakarite pai ki ngā kaiwhakatōhutohu me ngā kaiwhakamahi. He mea kīnaki ngā raraunga i te mea ko ngā paerewa G.652 kei raro i ngā kaupapa whakapā mai, e āwhinatia ana te whakawhiti haere rohe nui me te whakaū.

ITU-T G.655 (Kore Whakarite Dispersion)

Tūtohi ITU-T G.655 e whakarite ana ngā whakaaetanga mō ngā pūtēa kore whanonga herehere, e hanga nei ki te whakapai i te hīkoi i ngā rangapu whakapā mai i te tawhiti, i ngā rorohiko whakapā nui. Ko ngā pūtēa e tuku nei he pai anō ngā painga, ā, ko te whānuitanga o ngā taumata ki te wā, me te iti ake i te hiahia mō ngā whare whakariterite pūmanawa, kāore rawa i te whakaiti i ngā raupapa mahi. Ko ngā ingoa hei tohu i runga i te G.655 kei reira ka whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga pai nei, e whakamana ana i te mōhio me te whakatinana i roto i te whakarāpopototanga o ngā mahi. Nā ngā raraunga hou i kitea ai te whakahoki nui o ngā pūtēa G.655 ki ngā whakairo moana hou, e whakamana ana i aua pūtēa i te tautoko i ngā hiahia nui o te pūmanawa me te tae whakamuri.

Nga Whakarāpopoto ISO/IEC mō ngā Pūtēa Whakamarama

Kei te whai take nui te hanganga ISO/IEC mo nga pūtahi marama i roto i te ingoa matihiko o na runga ki te ao. E awhina ana enei hanganga i ngā kaihanga ki te whakarite i nga konae ingoa tohu, e hāngai ana ki te wānanga whanui i waenganui o te whenua me te turematatanga. Nga pūtahi marama, e tautoko ana i te maha o ngā ara marama, nā te mea he rahi ake o o rātau ārai mataki, ka hanga i te wāhanga modal me te wāhanga o te ārai — he mea nui ki te whakaputa i o rātau haurongo i roto i nga tono raraunga. Ko ngā tuhinga kei roto i te whenua e whai ana i te ture i enei ture, e whakaatu ana i ngā hua haurongo me te whakangungu i te tirohanga whakauru ki waenganui i waenganui o ngā tūmomo rīpoata matihiko. Kia ea tenei ture i te whakanuitanga, e whakapakari ana i te whai ake me te hōtaka.

Te Tuhituhi Wero me nga Raraunga Tohu

Ngā Wero Kapa hei Whakarerekē i nga Momotuhi

Nā ngā tae o ngā kēkē e whai āheinga nui ana ki te whakapōtaetanga i waenganui i ngā momo raupapa e rerekē, ā, e awhinatia ana i te tūtohitanga matua i te wā o te tūpato. Ki ia momo raupapa, pēnei i te raupapa tuatahi ranei, raupapa maha ranei, he tae takitahi tonu i whakaritea hei whakaaeae i te wā mo ngā mahiako i te ao marangai. Nā ngā tae whakatakoto, pēnei i te kowhai mō ngā raupapa tuatahi, me te karaka rānei ko te kahurangi mō ngā raupapa maha, ka hāpai i te haumaru me te wehewehe i roto i ngā whakatere rīpoata e whai ana i te tika raupapa mō tana tikanga whakamahi. Ki te whakaae ki ēnei tae, ka āhei ngā mahiako rīpoata ki te whakahaere me te tiaki i te whiuwhiua raupapa, ka heke i ngā hapa tūpato, ka whakaritea te wā mo ngā mahi whakatika.

Ngā Ture Tae Konei (LC, SC, MPO)

Ko ngā whanonga tae mō ngā kaiwhakapā LC, SC, me ngā MPO he mea nui hoki i te whakahaere rīpoata ā-waha e tohutohu ana i ngā momo rīpoata e honokia nei. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaiwhakapā LC ka puta hei waiporangi, kakariki, rānei ko te kēhua i runga i te arahi e hiahiatia ana, ahakoa kei te SC ka kitea te kēhua mō ngā honunga UPC-whakapakoko, me te kakariki mō ngā honunga APC-whakapakoko. Ko ngā kaiwhakapā MPO ka whakaitihia anō ngā whakauru matua me ō rātou hoahoa tuatahi ake. Kāore i mate te whakaaro ki ēnei whanonga tae hei tiaki i te mana me te hīnengaro o ngā rīpoata ā-waha. E pai ana te whakaae ki ēnei whanonga hei whakarite i ngā mahi tukanga, tirotiro, me te tūtohunga paku o ngā wāhanga rīpoata, ā, ka whakawhiwhia ai ki te mahi pai mō ngā kaiwhakatū.

Tāpae TIA-598 i ngā Tauira Tāwāhi

Te whakaaetanga i te TIA-598 mo te tohu i nga raupapa kable e hiahiatia ana ki te whakamahi i te wariwari me te tinorite i waenganui i nga rangapu pukapuka, whakatinanatia i te pai o nga mahi whakauru kable me nga mahi tirotiro. Ko tenei tauira e whakaaro noa iho ki tetahi whatunga whatu whatu whai i te whakarite i nga raupapa kable pukapuka me etahi atu mahi i roto i nga tuhinga matihiko. He aha te tohu pai i te paetawhiti TIA-598 ka taea te whakakore i nga hapa kino, ka whakaiti i te wa o te whakauru, ka tukua hoki he whakahaere me te whakariterite i te utauta. Ka whakaatu nga taake puawaitanga i te mea ko te whakaaetanga i te TIA-598 ka whakapai i nga putanga mahi, ka tukua he rautaki mohio mo nga kaiwhakahaere e whakatauhia nei, ka mutu ka whakaiti i te hoko i nga hapa me te whakamana i nga mahi pai i roto i nga ratonga whakaputa me nga ratonga raraunga.

Nga Tauanga Whai Wāhi i te Ingoa

Ngā Tauwhitinga o te Atenuhē me te Pūwā

Te whakamāmā me te rahi o te pūngao he mōhiotanga matua i ngā tūtohu hīkai e āheinga ana i te whaihua o ngā tākaro raupapa ika. Ko te whakamāmā te kawe i te itiiti i te mana o te pūrongo i te ara ki runga i te raupapa, ka noho tino hē ki te aromatawai i te aha te wheako o te raraunga e taea ana te tuhituhi. Ko te rahi o te pūngao e whakaatu ana i te rahi o te tuhituhi raraunga — ko te nui ake o te rahi o te pūngao, ko te nui ake o te raraunga e taea ana ki te whakawehi i te raupapa i te wā e tū mai ana. Nā ēnei tūtohu i whakaritea ai ngā ingoa kawe, ā, i ngā tono moenga nui, ko te tino whakaaro i ngā whakahaere hei whakatika i ngā whakatakoto. Ki te mōhio i te whakamāmā me te rahi o te pūngao, ka taea te whakapai i te huarahi whakamahi o te whakahaere i ngā raupapa me ngā whakatakoto whakahaere.

Ngā Tauanga Whakawehi me ngā Ingoa Whai Take

He mea nui te mōhio i ngā tohu heke mō ngā tākiri whakapuaki rae kāpia hei whakatau i ngā matihiko e pai ana. E whakaatu ana ngā tohu heke i te ukiwhenua tino rahi e taea ai e tātaki ana ki ngā pūrongo, ā, e whai wāhi ana i te whiringa i ngā rae mō ēnei tuhinga. Ko ngā ingoa e pa ana ki ēnei pūtake ka tautoko i ngā whakahēanga o ngā whakamahi i te waehere i ngā tākiri rae kāpia. Hei tautohu i ngā tohu heke nei, ko ngā whakarite ahumahi, pērā i ērā i whakatakotohia e Te Tira Ahu Pūraho, ka whakarite i ēnei tohu hei whakatika i te whakamahi tika me te whakapai i ngā mahi tūhono.

Nga Tohu Whakahaere 5G/Ruma Deta

Te whakarerekētanga o ngā tikanga ingoa mō ngā tākaro pūmaero whakapūnaha he mea nui i whakaaro noa ai e āheinga ana i te hanga mai o te hunga 5G me ngā tono matihiko ake a ngā marae mati. E hiahiatia ana ngā kaiwhipu me ngā paerewa hohoro hei whakamana i ngā huringa hou o ngā rorohiko. Ko te whenua e kite ana he huringa ki ngā tikanga ingoa e whai wāhitanga tuatahi ana i ngā paerewa hohoro, koinei te mea e hāngai ana ki te 5G me ngā marae mati nui. Hei whakamārama i tēnei huringa, ka taea te tirohanga i te whakatūpono o te utu mo ngā kaiwhipu e taea ana te whakamana me te pai ki ngā huringa hou o te hunga mati. Ki te whakaae tēnei, ka taea te whakamahi pai o ngā tikanga ingoa kia taea te whakautu ki ngā huringa mati.

Ngā Pātai Tāpiri

He aha te nohoanga o te hokomaha taumata ki ngā tākaro pūmaero?

Ka whai whakaaetanga te hokomaha taumata ki ngā take whakawhiti kōwhatu me te pūmanawa. Ko ngā taumata iti (pērā i ēnei kei ngā pūmaero anake) he pai mō ngā rohe whakarei, ā, ko ngā taumata rahi (ka kitea i ngā pūmaero rite) he pai mō ngā takiwā iti, matihiko.

He aha te whiwhinga o te mauhere kawe i roto i ngā pūtahi rama?

Ko te mauhere kawe e pa ana ki te whakamana i te kawe mawhiti katoa ā-rohe me te hokoaro taunaki. Kei tana hiahia ki te waihanga i te noho matua me te whiuwhiu mekanika.

Me pēhea te whakaatu i ngā momo pūkorero me ngā karaehe ka whai whakapuakitanga i te mahi o ngā kāble pūtahi rama?

Ka tiaki ngā pūkorero me ngā karaehe i te kāble me te whakatika i te whaiora. Ko ngā momo kē e tuku mai ana i ngā tohu tuhituhi katoa o te tahuri taiao, e pa ana ki te mahi me ngā horopaki whakamahunga kē o te kāble.

He aha ngā raeti kore hekenga, a he whea rānei kei te whakamahi?

Ka taea e ngā raeti kore hekenga te heri i te nui o te hekenga me te iti rawa atu i te mate pūrongo, koinei te pai noa iho mo ngā wā e tata ana i te wāhi, pērā i ngā rīpoata ki te whare (FTTH) nei.

Me pēhea te whakaaffect i ngā takoto whenua papori e pa ana ki ngā tikanga ingoa o ngā kāble pūtahi rama?

Nā ngā paearu whakahaere iwi pēnei i te ITU-T me te ISO/IEC te āheinga i ngā ingoa, nā te whakarite i ngā paearu hīkai, te whakaū i te whakatutukitanga, ā, te āwhina i te tino whakamahi pai i ngā tākaro pūraha.